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Lü Ze's greatest achievement came after the Battle of Pengcheng. In 205 BC, Liu Bang's army was completely annihilated in the Battle of Pengcheng, and was chased and defeated by the Chu army all the way. However, after the main force of the Han army was defeated, Lü Ze became the only person Liu Bang could rely on.

At this time, Lü Ze led his men to garrison, and Liu Bang took a shortcut to join him. The Book of Han records that "the King of Han followed him." This also shows that Lü Ze's status as a guest general was different, and he should have his own troops.

The Chronicle of Emperor Gaozu's Meritorious Officials Who Were Granted the Title of Marquis also contains a crucial sentence about Lü Ze: "He dispatched troops to help Emperor Gaozu conquer the world and was granted the title of Marquis."

After Liu Bang went to Lü Ze's army, it was obvious that the command of the army was in Lü Ze's hands, so there was the above record of "Lü Ze sent troops to assist Liu Bang". The three words "settled the world" perfectly summed up Lü Ze's greatest achievement in his life.

But it is obvious that based on partial records of other heroes, we can see that the Lu family's joining Liu Bang's army was not a complete joining, but a joining with a certain degree of autonomy.

In other words, the Lu family was more like a partner of Liu Bang, but because of Lu Zhi, the interests of the Lu family and Liu Bang were tied together.

So what level of evaluation is "helping Emperor Gaozu to conquer the world"? Among Liu Bang's more than 100 marquises, only three people have this evaluation, namely Zhang Liang, Chen Ping, and Xiahou Ying.

In the Chronicle of the Meritorious Officials and Marquises of Emperor Gaozu, Zhang Liang was evaluated as "a master of strategies to pacify the world, and a marquis of ten thousand households"; Chen Ping was evaluated as "coming up with six extraordinary strategies to settle the world, and a marquis of 5000 households"; Xiahou Ying was evaluated as "a master of windmills, and helped Duke Teng to pacify the world." Zhang Liang and Chen Ping are household names, and their abilities and contributions need no further explanation.

The contributions of another Xiahou Ying were also extraordinary: not only did he serve as Liu Bang's confidant and personal driver, helping Liu Bang escape danger many times, he also saved Han Xin from being killed. When fleeing from Pengcheng, he repeatedly protected the prince and princess.

In general, Zhang Liang and Chen Ping's achievements lie in their strategies, Xiahou Ying's achievements lie in his qualifications and loyalty, and Lu Ze's evaluation lies in his actual military achievements.

Although Lu Ze's deeds have been downplayed, it can be seen from the evaluation that they are definitely seriously underestimated.

Judging from historical evaluations and the status of his former subordinates, although there is no record to prove that Lü Ze, who was a relative of the emperor and had a long career, had held any official position in the Han army, judging from his influence on the Han army alone, he was a fixture in the system.

The fact that Lu Ze was one of the 18 generals who traveled with Emperor Gaozu of Han is enough to prove that the Lu family had a strong influence in the Han army. The saying that Lu Ze was a rich and handsome man in the Han army is at least reasonable.

So, why was Empress Lü able to suppress the meritorious officials such as Chen Ping and Zhou Bo and the forces of the princes and vassal kings? Was it just her personal prestige? Obviously, it was not that simple.

Empress Lü was not by Liu Bang's side when he started his business. She was in her hometown of Pei County in the early days and was captured by Xiang Yu in the later days. She was not released until the decisive battle between Chu and Han. Therefore, she did not have much contact with these heroes.

The real reason was, on the one hand, Empress Lu's ability, but more importantly, the military power held by Lu's in-laws.

Among the Lu family's relatives, Lu Ze and Lu Shizhi were the most outstanding. This also explains to a certain extent why the group of meritorious officials in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty were all very powerful and could only hold back when facing Empress Lu. In fact, it was not that everyone did not oppose Empress Lu, but that everyone could not oppose the Lu family.

Lu Ze's younger brother, Lu Shizhi, was also very tough. Especially in the last few years of Liu Bang's reign, Liu Bang became increasingly determined to depose the crown prince.

Lu Shizhi repeatedly manipulated the government and even once coerced Zhang Liang and other ministers to protect the prince. Only then did Liu Bang give up the idea of ​​deposing the eldest son and enthroning the youngest son after weighing the pros and cons.

In 199 BC, Lü Ze died in battle while suppressing a rebellion. It was precisely because he died too early, otherwise, compared with other people, he would have been at least a king.

Therefore, in the twelfth year of the Han Dynasty, after Liu Bang's death, when Crown Prince Liu Ying ascended the throne, the Lu family was able to truly command the world.

During the period of two young emperors after Emperor Xiaohui's death, when Empress Lü was in power, the Lü family was even more powerful and became the real rulers of the Han Empire for a time.

However, with the deaths of Lu Ze and Lu Shizhi, the Lu family had no successor. As a result, after the death of Empress Lu, Lu Chan and Lu Lu had a good hand but were ultimately defeated by the group of meritorious officials.

Although Lü Ze was later posthumously named King Daowu, the Lü family withdrew from the stage of the Han Dynasty and became the dust of history.

[Read all the historical facts about Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty: Was he cuckolded?]

Why was Emperor Wu of Han in history books so embroiled in the confusing "cuckold gate" incident, while his son Emperor Zhao of Han was not born until 14 months later?

Is it a miracle or a lie? In this video, let's talk about the "green hat theory" of Emperor Wu of Han.

When it comes to Emperor Wu of Han, he is a household name. As an emperor of his generation, he is a man of great talent and strategy. Even among the emperors of all dynasties, he has an unshakable place.

However, there is a confusing but unforgettable "green hat gate" incident about Emperor Wu of Han. The protagonist of this incident was Emperor Wu of Han's youngest son, who later became Emperor Zhao of Han.

There has always been a seemingly convincing claim about Emperor Zhao of Han, proving that he was not the biological son of Emperor Wu of Han. And the Book of Han seems to have a basis for this claim. So, what is the historical truth? Was Emperor Wu of Han cuckolded?

There are three references to the "Green Hat Gate" incident in the "Book of Han":

First, Emperor Zhao of Han was born at 14 months old

In 94 BC, Emperor Wu of Han's favorite concubine Lady Gouyi gave birth to the prince Liu Fuling after 14 months of pregnancy. Emperor Wu of Han was very happy to have a son in his old age, and he said to those around him: "Yang was born after months, and so was Lady Gouyi."

This means that the sage emperor Yao in history was born at 14 months old, and his son is the same now.

Emperor Wu of Han was very happy, so he renamed the gate outside Lady Gouyi's bedroom as "Yao's Mother Gate", comparing his youngest son Liu Fuling with Yao, which shows how much he valued this child.

So after the Witchcraft Incident, the crown prince was killed, and after Emperor Wu of Han died, he passed the throne to his favorite youngest son, Liu Fuling, who later became Emperor Zhao of Han.

However, from the perspective of modern medicine, a 14-month pregnancy is absolutely impossible. We often say "ten months of pregnancy", which is generally about 40 weeks, or 280 days, a little more than 9 months.

The longest pregnancy recorded in the world is only 375 days, about 12 months. Although a 14-month pregnancy seems "anti-human", there are people in history who have experienced something similar to Emperor Zhao of Han.

Volume 195 of "History of Ming Dynasty" has a record about Wang Yangming: "Shou Ren was born after his mother was pregnant for 14 months." This means that Wang Yangming was born after his mother was pregnant for 14 months.

For example, according to the records in "Records of the Grand Historian", Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng was also born after one year of pregnancy. This part is recorded in "Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Lü Buwei".

This passage introduces the life experience of Qin Shihuang and mentions that he was born after 12 months of pregnancy. Whether it is Qin Shihuang's 12 months or Han Zhaodi and Wang Yangming's 14 months, such a long pregnancy time is obviously inconsistent with our common sense.

These records are not from unofficial history, but from official history. As a historical book, "Han Shu" would not record a fictitious event.

Therefore, there are only two possibilities for the fact that Lady Gouyi gave birth to Liu Fuling after 14 months of pregnancy: one is that the history books exaggerated; the other is that Emperor Wu of Han was cuckolded.

Second, Emperor Wu of Han had a son in his old age

Emperor Wu of Han gave birth to Liu Fuling when he was 62. Modern medicine shows that in today's highly developed medical conditions, most men's sexual function declines after the age of 50, and basically loses sexual function around the age of 60.

Well, in the Western Han Dynasty more than 2000 years ago, when the average life expectancy was less than 30 years and medical technology was backward, it was indeed incredible that Emperor Wu of Han could make Lady Gouyi pregnant when he was in his 60s.

Emperor Wu of Han had a total of 6 sons. Emperor Zhao of Han, as the youngest son, was more than 5 years younger than his fifth elder brother, King Changyi Liu Bo.

If Emperor Wu of Han's sexual function had not disappeared, and there was no reason to deliberately use contraception and there were no perfect contraceptive measures in that era, then it would be strange that Emperor Wu of Han had no other sons for more than 10 years given the huge age gap between Liu Bo and Liu Fuling.

Third, the revelations of Emperor Zhao of Han’s brother

In 87 BC, Emperor Wu of Han died of illness in Wuzha Palace during his tour, and Crown Prince Liu Fuling ascended the throne as Emperor Zhao of Han. After the new emperor ascended the throne, he gave imperial seals to the princes of various countries to inform them of the death of the previous emperor and the succession of the throne.

When the imperial edict arrived at the State of Yan, Liu Dan felt that the size of the letter was smaller than before. He refused to mourn and said to the ministers of the State of Yan: "The size of the imperial edict this time is smaller than before. I am afraid that something has happened in Chang'an."

Liu Dan suspected that the new emperor's accession to the throne was the result of manipulation by the ministers in the court, so he secretly colluded with Liu Chang, the son of King Ai of Zhongshan, and Liu Ze, the grandson of King Xiao of Qi, to plot a rebellion.

Liu Dan said: "In the past, when Empress Lü was in power, she cheated and made Emperor Hui's son Liu Hong the emperor, and the princes served him for eight years.

Later, when Empress Dowager Lü passed away, the ministers executed all the Lü kings, and the world knew that Liu Hong was not the real son of Emperor Xiaohui. As the eldest son of Emperor Wu, I was not made emperor, and my proposal to build a temple for my father was not accepted.

I suspect that the emperor who is now enthroned is not from the Liu family." Liu Dan then conspired with Liu Ze and others, claiming that Emperor Zhao was not the son of Emperor Wu, but was enthroned by treacherous ministers, and called on the people of the world to rise up and attack him.

Although Liu Dan's revelations were suspected of providing an excuse for his rebellion, this incident was also mentioned by the historian Sima Qian: Emperor Zhao of Han was only seven or eight years old when Emperor Wu of Han died, and he had an older son who was away. He also died on a tour, and he let the ministers establish the youngest son as the heir, which inevitably aroused suspicion.

Compared with the death of Qin Shi Huang, who also died of illness during a tour, Zhao Gao and Li Si forged an imperial edict to establish the youngest son Hu Hai, and Fusu was killed. In this way, Liu Dan's doubts can be understood.

The Han Dynasty ruled the country with filial piety, so did Liu Dan make up rumors about his father, Emperor Wu of Han, in order to gain the throne, or did he already know something was going on? Different people have different opinions.

History is always so interesting. Behind the few words in history books are interesting stories. So, do you think Emperor Zhao of Han is the biological son of Emperor Wu of Han?

[Read all the aliens who will take revenge in one go, and some historical knowledge about the Gongyang School]

He is an alien school in Confucianism, which was gradually abandoned due to being criticized; he is the revenge philosophy of the Chinese people. The great revenge spirit he advocates is full of anger and passionate ambition against injustice.

In this video, let us talk about a special school of Confucianism - the Gongyang School.

The Gongyang School of Thought began with Gongyang Gao, a Qi man during the Warring States Period, and was later passed down in the Gongyang family for a long time. Gu Deming once pointed out that the Gongyang School of Thought is a school of thought in Confucian classics that specializes in studying and inheriting the "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Commentary", and is one of the most important branches of the Modern Text School of Confucianism.

We all know that Dong Zhongshu proposed "rejecting all schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", and Dong Zhongshu was an important representative of the Gongyang School. Therefore, the "Confucianism" respected here also specifically refers to the Gongyang School.

The core ideas of the Gongyang School mainly include two points: one is "great unification", that is, "All under heaven belongs to the king, and all the people in the world are the king's subjects."

This thought laid an important ideological foundation for the continuation of Chinese history and the formation and development of the Chinese nation. The second is "great revenge", which seems to be an alien thought today, but it represents the Chinese people's bloody philosophy of revenge.

Confucius once said: "How to repay kindness? Repay evil with justice, and repay kindness with kindness." Confucius advocated that if someone hurts you, you should fight back; if someone helps you, you should repay them.

It can be seen that Confucius was against the so-called moral kidnapping of "repaying evil with virtue". The Gongyang School inherited Confucius' idea of ​​"repaying evil with justice" and advocated "great revenge". So why did the revenge thought of the Gongyang School become the revenge philosophy of the Chinese?

First, the revenge of the king and father must be avenged

Chinese people have several major hatreds, among which "the hatred for the murder of one's father" is the most serious. As the saying goes, "the hatred for the murder of one's father is irreconcilable", this is the highest level of hatred of the Chinese people, and it is also something that has been imprinted in the depths of our hearts for thousands of years.

The source of this thought is the great revenge doctrine of the Gongyang School. The Gongyang Commentary says: "If a minister does not punish the enemy, he is not a minister; if a son does not avenge his father, he is not a son." This emphasizes that revenge must be taken, which is the unshirkable responsibility and obligation of a minister and a son.

Not only that, "Gongyang Zhuan" also put forward the principle of "ignoring enemies and having no contact with them", which means that you can never interact with your enemies at any time, expressing the position that you must be irreconcilable with your enemies.

Wu Zixu's hair turned white overnight because his father and brother were killed by King Ping of Chu. After going through untold hardships, he finally conquered the State of Chu, whipped the corpse of King Ping of Chu, and avenged his father and brother.

The story of Wu Zixu is highly praised and is called "unparalleled". It can also be seen that the anger against injustice and the hot-blooded spirit of revenge have always been in the blood of the Chinese. The "Spring and Autumn Justice" expounded by the Gongyang School is also an important guiding ideology and behavioral norm for the ancients.