Back to the Republic of China to be a editor

During these two days of free time, Tang Hua visited Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square and took a lot of photos up and down.

Lenin's tomb is also Stalin's tomb, and the remains of both are here.

In a blink of an eye, it has been 8 years since Stalin died.Since Khrushchev's secret report in 1956, the Stalin/Lenin Mausoleum has become a very embarrassing place for Moscow citizens and even the entire Soviet Union. Leaders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union no longer comment on large-scale festivals. For several years, the Lenin Mausoleum received ordinary audiences The time of opening is also very rare, and the opening time may be less than 100 days a year.

It took a lot of trouble for Tang Hua to visit Lenin's Mausoleum. He asked the embassy in the Soviet Union to say hello in advance before letting the group in.

"Let's take a look when you have time these two days," Tang Hua said.

It is now August 1961, and two months later is the 8nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev made a decision: remove Stalin's body from Lenin's tomb and bury it separately.

The Lenin Mausoleum in the future will be different from now.

……

504th Institute of Science.

Tang Hua and his party were in the 504 Institute, and they just walked around for the first half of the day. Tang Hua didn't have any ghosts in his mind, and Deng Jiaxian and Peng Hengwu should be similar.

China has already broken through the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb, and this year it has initially miniaturized the hydrogen bomb. Now that China has no urgently acquired technology for nuclear weapons, it needs to ask the Soviet Union in a roundabout way. The two sides just chat and exchange.

Tang Hua and Peng Hengwu briefly introduced the current progress in China from two aspects of computer hardware and simulation programs. Nuclear experts from the 504 Institute listened and shared their experience in using computer-aided design of nuclear bombs.

Of the four Tianhe-504 supercomputers imported from the Soviet Union, one of them is located in the [-] Institute.

"China's nuclear weapons? The direction of development is the direction of the conventional routes."

During the exchange between the two sides, Academician Artimovich asked how China's nuclear weapons will develop in the future, and Deng Jia answered first.

"That is to say, super-high-yield hydrogen bombs, miniaturized hydrogen bombs, and special nuclear weapons?"

Deng Jiaxian: "Our research priority for miniaturized hydrogen bombs is ahead of super-high-yield hydrogen bombs."

Tang Hua: "Based on our calculations based on the lethality characteristics of nuclear weapons, if we want to achieve overpressure damage to the largest area of ​​the earth's surface, covering it with multiple medium-yield hydrogen bombs is much more cost-effective than dropping one super-high-yield hydrogen bomb."

Alzimovich: "The super-high-yield hydrogen bomb may not necessarily be cost-effective in terms of cost-effectiveness, but a small amount of this thing is equipped with a different level of deterrence at the national level."

Deng Jiaxian: "Well... there is such a saying. But our current research and design work also covers a hydrogen bomb with an equivalent of tens of millions of tons."

Arzimovic chuckled: "It's only tens of millions of tons."

Deng Jiaxian: ...

Peng Hengwu: ...

Tang Hua: "Academician Alzimovich, the [-]-million-ton hydrogen bomb is no longer a super-large yield? You are not working on a [-]-million-ton hydrogen bomb, are you?"

Arzimovich coughed. "Well, I can't go into any technical details. I don't know much about hydrogen bombs."

Tang Hua knew that Alzimovic was not intentionally modest. He was indeed not the direct designer of the hydrogen bomb project. He was the father of the tokamak.

……

Kurchatov: "So you are now able to produce all the key components of the gas diffusion plant?"

"Last year, we carried out a three-month equipment overhaul and upgrade for the gas diffusion plant. We used domestic equipment. We replaced 6% of the gas diffusion machines, 12.5 kilometers of pipelines, and some other parts." Tang "However, we don't plan to build a second gas diffusion plant, and this one is enough for now," Hua said.

Kurchatov: "You may only want to build a small-scale nuclear arsenal. If so, a gas diffusion plant will suffice. But you have to consider nuclear submarines and the spread of nuclear power in the future. At that time, a large number of nuclear weapons will be needed. Enriched uranium. Even if the gas diffusion station is modified and upgraded, it cannot meet the requirements."

Tang Hua: "The uranium demand for nuclear submarines must be resolved. Our overhaul and upgrade of the gas diffusion plant is for this. As for nuclear power, we have calculated the cost of nuclear power. With the current technology level, nuclear power is very uneconomical. Nuclear power is not cost-effective. The main reason is that the cost of uranium isotope separation is too high.”

When the Institute of Atomic Energy designed the first domestic reactor, it began to calculate the cost-benefit of nuclear power.

The calculated results are not optimistic at all.

Isotopic separation of natural uranium by gaseous diffusion plants consumes massive amounts of electrical energy.Intuitively speaking, if a set of nuclear fuel rods can generate 4500 million kWh of electricity, then the production of this set of nuclear fuel rods will consume [-] million kWh of electricity.This input-output ratio is not very high.

This is just a calculation of power consumption and total power generation, and it will cost a lot of money to build a nuclear power plant and put it into operation.After calculation, the construction of nuclear power plants is actually a face-saving project. If a large-scale construction of nuclear power plants is used for grid-connected power supply, it will be a loss.

At present, there are two plutonium production reactors in China. When plutonium production is started, the electricity generated by the way will be incorporated into the power grid, which can be regarded as free riding power generation. However, there are no nuclear power plants that specialize in power generation.

Does China need nuclear power?Still needed.Coal mines in Guangdong and Fujian are scarce, and it is too expensive to transport coal by sea or rail to generate electricity.Even in the Yangtze River Delta—Jiangsu and Shanghai, when they built new power plants in the past two years, they also encountered coal transportation bottlenecks.

The transportation capacity of the Yangtze River is not unlimited, and China's largest coal production area is not in the Yangtze River Basin but in the Yellow River Basin, so it is still difficult to handle.

Tang Hua: "We are studying the use of gas centrifugation to separate isotopes of uranium. This method has low energy consumption, so the development prospect is very promising. I wonder if you are also developing this route?"

Kurchatov: "Then you're thinking of getting together with us."

Chapter 54, Scary Quantum Mechanics Teacher

Beijing Station.

Tang Hua and Lev Landau walked out of the carriage to the platform one after the other.

This trip to the Soviet Union did not have a special train, but a carriage was attached to the back of the express passenger train, so the journey lasted 12 days. Landau had never been on such a long train before, and he was exhausted in the last few days on the train.

Tang Hua: "Beijing Railway Station was built in 1959. The appearance and passageway settings are based on Moscow Railway Station. How about it? Does it look okay?"

Landau looked around: "It's a bit smaller, but the layout is okay."

"Tsinghua University and Peking University's quantum mechanics undergraduate course, each school has two classes a week, that is, four classes a week," Tang Hua said, "should not take up too much time. Moreover, Peking University and Tsinghua University are Adjacent, you can ride a bicycle to the opposite school for a while."

Landau: "The number of courses is not many, but I hope these students will not be too uninformed."

Tang Hua: "..."

never mind.Landau was invited to speak about the undergraduate quantum mechanics course, mainly to stimulate these students' interest in physics, and to speak more difficultly to stimulate students' spirit of research.Besides, Tang Hua is not without help. Both Tsinghua University and Peking University have set up psychological counseling rooms for students in the school hospitals this year.

Of course, Landau came to China not only to teach undergraduate students, but also to conduct academic research and discussions with the physics departments of Tsinghua University and Peking University.

Tang Hua: "Of course, the key to your lectures is the translation, which was carefully selected by Zhao Zhongyao and me."

"It would be great if the translation meets the requirements. Translation is very important. When students ask questions, if the question is too stupid, the translator should reject it; if the answer is too obvious, the translator can answer the student's question for me." Landau said.

Tang Hua: "The translator is a 55-year-old in the Physics Department of Peking University. He went to study in the Soviet Union and returned to China in 59. He should be able to answer questions for you. By the way, he already knew your name, but you may not have noticed it. He, hey, here comes the car."

……

At the beginning of September 1961, colleges and universities had just started school, and freshmen from all over the country came to report one after another. More than a dozen universities on Xueyuan Road were crowded, and students who came to Beijing from all over the country haunted each campus.

Walking on the campus of the School of Electronic Information, Tang Hua could tell at a glance who were freshmen this year and who were sophomores, juniors and seniors.The one with timid eyes, the one who walks and looks around, and the one who always hesitates where to go at an intersection, must be the freshmen who have just reported.

"The freshmen who have entered the school in the past two or three years have a better and better knowledge base, I mean the average level," Huang Kun said, "That's pretty good."

Tang Hua: "National basic education is slowly being developed. Six-year education is about to be popularized in urban and rural areas across the country. Secondary education is currently striving to have a central middle school in every county to select students from the entire county."

Huang Kun: "Students from Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, Ningxia and other border provinces and autonomous regions are indeed relatively poor. I think it is really difficult for them to learn electronics and computers. Is it true that students in these provinces will be recruited in the future? The number of places in the district has been slightly adjusted..."

Tang Hua: "No, in these provinces, the number of students majoring in basic physics, mathematics, and literature and history will be slightly less, and the number of students will be added to those majoring in agriculture, medicine, and engineering, but there is no plan to reduce the proportion of majors in electronics and computer science, as many as there should be. This is not determined by the ranking of the difficulty of the courses, but by considering the future talent needs of these provinces and regions."