Back to the Republic of China to be a editor

"If the air support cannot be resolved, the Korean War may not end as we expected. The best ending is that the enemy and the enemy engage in repeated tug-of-war near the [-]th parallel, and the worse ending is that we have to retreat to the [-]th parallel or even Only near Pyongyang can the front line be stabilized."

While listening to Tang Hua, Antonov checked the front lines of the two sides on the map of North Korea on the table.After Tang Hua finished speaking, Antonov put forward his own views.

"According to the progress of Sino-Soviet arms aid, we are delivering tanks and self-propelled artillery very quickly. As far as I know, your troops are also receiving equipment and training very quickly. It is expected that by March this year, the trucks and other transportation provided by the Soviet Union will be delivered quickly." The tools are enough to support the mechanized operations of the large corps, and your tank divisions and mechanized divisions can enter North Korea to fight. At that time, the situation on the front line will change a lot.”

"The Far East troops of the Soviet Air Force have begun to regularly enter the skies over North Korea to fight, and your Air Force has recently piloted MiG-15 fighter jets into the air. It should be said that this situation of air superiority disadvantage will be reversed in the future."

Tang Hua: "The most critical problem facing the front line is the logistical crisis, followed by the lack of tanks and self-propelled artillery. We have done statistics. During the two months of the war, the trucks we used to deliver supplies to the front line were destroyed. Two-thirds, if tanks and self-propelled artillery are sent into North Korea, then the logistical pressure will be even greater. If the logistical problem is to be solved, the air threat must be solved first. Although the cover of the Soviet Air Force has entered the sky over North Korea, the area of ​​activity is also limited. It is limited to the corridor from the Sino-North Korean border to the Qingchuan River, which only accounts for one-fifth of the transportation distance of our logistics supply line."

Antonov thought for a while, but was unable to answer for the time being.The Soviet Air Force did not dare to fight too far across the border...

Tang Hua: "Before the Soviet Union assisted us with more than 10 anti-aircraft artillery regiments, which could improve the air defense situation to a limited extent, but the anti-aircraft artillery was only a supplementary anti-air defense weapon and could not complete air defense tasks alone. When the Soviet Air Force went deep into North Korea In the difficult situation in the hinterland, we need another means of air defense to improve the air security of the logistics supply line."

Tang Hua looked at Malenkov, and then at the representatives sent by the Soviet Military Industry Committee to participate in the negotiations. "We need S-25 anti-aircraft missiles."

……

Moscow State University, the Laser Physics Conference is over.

After all, there are only a few theoretical physics madmen like Landau, and most physicists also have a passionate heart for applied science, especially the experts and scientists selected by the Soviet Union to participate in the conference, one-third of them are from the defense industry department experts, so it is still very lively when discussing the specific details of lasers.

"Academician Tang Hua, he, the embassy and the liaison office participated in the negotiations between the ministerial meeting between China and the Soviet Union." When the meeting was over, Landau also asked where Tang Hua was, and Zhao Zhongyao replied, "I think it's because North Korea is The war that is going on, China needs the Soviet Union's weapons assistance."

Of course, Tang Hua's escapade will not be limited to one day, and the negotiation should not be limited to one day...

When Tang Hua said S-25, the representative of the Military Industry Committee exploded. "S-25? No, that missile doesn't exist...it's not in service yet."

Tang Hua: "However, I heard that in August last year, when the S-8 missile project of the First Special Bureau was established, Comrade Stalin personally instructed: 'We must obtain missiles for air defense within one year', and now five years have passed. In a month, we are now negotiating the missile project, completing the negotiation, negotiating the payment method or loan method, and when we start to start, the S-25 should be developed."

"As far as I know, not so soon..."

Tang Hua: "Then what about Comrade Stalin's instructions? If the development cannot be completed within a year..."

"I know, I know, the chief and deputy chief of the First Special Bureau have already learned how to grow potatoes in the yard of the villa."

Tang Hua: ...

Of course Tang Hua knew that the S-25 air defense missile could not be developed in 1951.

The S-25 began to be developed in 1948. In 1950, the project was transferred to the First Special Bureau. Stalin ordered it to be developed within one year. In fact, the S-1954 was not equipped with troops until 25.As for whether the designer was sent to grow potatoes in Siberia, I don't know.

S-25“金雕”，北约代号是SA-1“吉尔德”，是SA-2也就是红旗-1/2的前一代。

S-25 is a medium-to-high-altitude air defense missile with a maximum range of 32-40 kilometers and a maximum shooting height of 2 meters.It was developed by the Soviet Union to defend against American strategic bombers.What the Soviet Union is most afraid of now is that once a war starts, thousands of American B-29s and B-36s will take off from Europe, regardless of losses, rush in and drop a round of atomic bombs, and the Soviet Union will die.That's why Stalin was particularly anxious, and asked the First Special Bureau to equip the troops as soon as possible.The first requirement for developing it is to be able to hit high-altitude targets, and the technical indicators are advanced. The shooting height of 2 meters is not only easy to hit the B-36, but also the B-47 and even the B-52 that the United States is developing.

Of course, with the technology of this era, the S-25 is designed to be over 12 meters long and weigh 3 tons.It made Tang Hua unable to make his own domestically, and he didn't have such a big rocket engine.A rocket engine of this magnitude cannot be used as a small solid rocket, and a high-thrust liquid rocket engine must be specially developed.The fire control radar can't use the anti-aircraft gun guidance radar as the basis for DIY.

Hongqi-1 is a short-range air defense missile at medium and low altitudes. It is very useful when advancing with field troops, but it is not easy to use against B-29. Both B-29 and B-36 can fly and drop bombs at altitudes above 6000 meters.In this era, only the combination of 14.5-altitude aircraft/37-altitude aircraft, Hongqi-1 and S-25, one at medium and low altitudes and one at medium and high altitudes, can form a "seamless" ground-to-air defense.

"Moreover, our Council of Ministers does not allow the export of this type of highly classified weapons." The representative of the Military Industry Committee also said, "The anti-aircraft missile project itself should be classified. If a few German scientists did not participate in the plan, we would Not even a word will be released to the outside world.”

When the S-25 was originally developed, it was based on the Nazi German "Waterfall" air defense missile. There were also several German scientists who were arrested in 1945 in the project team.Of course, by 1951, the seven reforms and eight reforms had nothing to do with the "Waterfall".

"On behalf of comrades," Tang Hua said, "for a new weapon, the best way to verify whether its design is successful, whether it has actual combat capabilities, and how high its combat effectiveness is is to put it into actual combat. Whether it is design The division's theoretical calculations, or the military's deduction, or even joint exercises, are only simulating its actual combat environment to a certain extent, which will never compare with the test of weapons in the real actual combat environment."

"Therefore, I strongly suggest that you can put the S-25 missiles into the Korean battlefield, if the war in North Korea is not over after half a year. The actual combat test will enable your air defense missiles and air defense systems to obtain extremely valuable first-hand data for use in It is extremely valuable to improve the missile and use it to develop the next generation of air defense missile system."

"In addition, I also said the second thing, which is also a proposal. I can make the S-25 missile system complete the development according to Comrade Stalin's deadline. If we can reach an agreement on the first thing, then I and China's Ministry of Heavy Industry Electronic Information The Industry Bureau can assist the First Special Bureau to solve the problems you are currently encountering."

Chapter 117, T51 Promotion Meeting

"Good morning, distinguished guests."

Moscow, the scene of the T51 computer conference.

Wide format slide projector.The slide curtain is connected to the big whiteboard with a total width of 8 meters.The sickle and hammer of the Soviet Union are on the left side of the large exhibition board, and the five-star red flag is on the right side.There are three large Russian phrases on the display board: "Go to communism! Go to the future! Go to T51!"

light.Background music.There is also a T51 prototype that has just arrived in Moscow.

When setting up the venue, Tang Hua had someone remove the lecture table. Now he is holding a microphone, and the large open space in front of the big whiteboard is his free movement area.

"Before I get to the point, I think I'll explain what I'm holding in my hand right now."

The Soviet audience present had discovered that the gadget Tang Hua held in his hand was actually a microphone.Tang Hua smiled slightly and asked the slide projector to change the film. The microphone brand "Foxconn 50S" appeared on the slide projector screen.Round head, wire mesh, barrel with small taper, Shure S-M58 is undoubtedly.This microphone has been best-selling for half a century, and it was still the top-selling microphone in the 2010s. It can basically play everything from conference speeches to concerts.

Introducing the performance, usage, and price of the microphone, Tang Hua also let a leader of the Soviet Central Bureau of Statistics sitting in the first row try out the microphone. Foxconn 50S is no problem.

Before the computer was sold, the venue was buzzing about selling microphones for more than 20 minutes...

"In 1942, Atanasoff-Berry's ABC computer opened the prelude to digital electronic computers. ENIAC was the first electronic computer to be put into practical use. In 1949, we also had MES-M, which is the Soviet Union's A masterpiece with Chinese engineers. With the joint efforts of the Soviet Union and China, the computer has grown from a baby at birth to a beautiful little boy. In the future, it will continue to grow and mature until it becomes a force that changes the world. "

"If computers using vacuum diodes are the infancy of computers, then the second-generation computers using transistors have entered their teenage years. From last year to now, some users in China and the Soviet Union have experienced the speed and reliability of T50 computers .”

Tang Hua started to tell the story from the history as usual, of course, when telling the story, he emphasized the MES-M a little bit. After all, this computer was born in the Soviet Union—of course he developed it in Kiev.

"What can a computer do? Is it just a 'calculating' 'machine'? To some extent, it is both and it is not."

"A computer is indeed a machine for calculation. After some calculations, the data is converted into other data, output, and provided to humans."

"But what is data? Data is not just the content of work on the scratch paper of scientists and engineers. Data is everywhere around us. There are data in our lives, our wages are data, the output of factories is data, words can be regarded as data, A country—especially the Soviet Union, the management of the country is also based on data. We use accurate figures to grasp the state of the country, and on this basis, formulate national industry, agriculture, education, science, military, etc. The Planned Economic Commission is the most successful state management system established by the Soviet Union. In this regard, China, which has just established socialism for more than a year, still needs to learn from the Soviet Union humbly.”

"As we mentioned just now, using accurate numbers to grasp the state of the country involves data and also involves data calculations."

"This is why I have always held the most optimistic attitude towards the application prospects of computers. I remember that in 1947, when I published my first paper on informatics and computers in Moscow, I talked about its future prospects. The meeting lasted for several days, and the leaders of the National Defense Commission, the Military Service Commission, and the Economic Planning Commission all came... Ah, Director Yegor, I remember you were there."

An old man in the audience stood up and said, "I was called over by Spanger of the National Defense Committee, but I was always skeptical."

"Data computing—to be exact, data processing, this is the first function that computers can achieve. But I always think that data storage and data output are also an integral part of computers. On T51, we can See a large amount of data, enough data storage capacity to serve a country’s statistics.”

Tang Hua took out a box of... tapes.

In 1951, Remington Rand made the first magnetic tape drive for computer data storage, using a 12.7mm magnetic tape with a maximum storage capacity of 224KB, which was ten to dozens of times the storage capacity of computers at that time.Since then, sequential storage such as tape drives has become the standard configuration for backup storage of computers, especially servers, and the single volume capacity of contemporary tape drives is always greater than that of hard disks.

Tang Hua first showed the appearance of the tape. The length and width are about the same as a small dictionary, but the thickness is less than 3 centimeters.This size is much larger than the tape made by Remington Rand, because Tang Hua requires the capacity to reach the MB level, and the magnetic density of the tape is trying to increase, but the increase is still limited for the time being, and the error rate cannot be lowered. , so let’s start with a big cassette.High-density tapes will be considered later.

"The box you see now is data. As far as I know, the total number of personnel in the Soviet Red Army is 400 million. If each soldier's soldier ID is a string of 10 digits, then... two such tapes It can record the ID numbers of soldiers and officers of the Red Army of the whole Soviet Union."

Tang Hua put the tape into the tape drive at the bottom of the T51 computer, and after a few operations on the keyboard, the three-line segment code display of the T51 that had been turned on displayed a set of data:

IVAN 3293491041 5101 1475

"Ivan, the soldier ID number is 3293491041, the enlistment time is 5101, and the area code of origin is 1475."

The year of enlistment omits the first two... It is the rhythm of the Y10K hidden danger.Now the storage capacity of this volume of magnetic tape is 1.25Mbit (50MB according to the definition of the current computer system), and more importantly, the memory is only [-]K, and the magnetic core memory compiled by hand is not cheap.If the program code or data can save two numbers, it is really necessary to save these two numbers.

The tape drive continued to read data, Tang Hua kept pressing the keyboard, and the information of each soldier continued to scroll on the three-line display.

The data of the tape drive moved more than 51 K into the magnetic core memory of T40, and Tang Hua stopped.