Zhu Chao accompanied me to watch short videos

In addition to Li Bai, He Zhizhang also had close contacts with many other literati and poets. He, Li Bai, Li Shizhi, Li Jing, the Prince of Ruyang, Cui Zongzhi, Su Jin, Zhang Xu, Jiao Sui and others were collectively known as the "Eight Immortals of Drinking".

Du Fu once wrote "Song of the Eight Immortals Drinking", and the opening line reads: "Zhi Zhang rides a horse like he is riding a boat, and even falls into a well after being dazzled, yet he falls asleep soundly at the bottom of the well." This vividly depicts He Zhizhang's naive behavior after being drunk: he rides a horse like he is riding a boat, and even accidentally falls into a well, yet he still falls asleep soundly at the bottom of the well.

He Zhizhang was so straightforward and unrestrained that he deserved the title of "mad scholar". In his later years, he became even more unrestrained and called himself "Siming mad scholar". When he was inspired to write poetry, he wrote with his brush and ink. His poems were natural and unadorned, and were regarded as treasures by the world.

In 744 AD, the 86-year-old He Zhizhang asked Emperor Xuanzong of Tang to resign and return home to become a Taoist priest. Emperor Xuanzong had great respect for this old minister and not only agreed, but also saw him off in person and ordered the crown prince to lead all officials to see him off.

This honor was extremely rare in the history of the Tang Dynasty. He Zhizhang had served as an official for 50 years and had never returned to his hometown. This time he was filled with emotion and wrote the popular poem "Returning Home": "I left home when I was young and returned when I was old. My accent has not changed, but my hair has turned gray. Children do not recognize me when they meet. They ask me where I am from with a smile."

The mountains and rivers of his hometown remain the same, but the people have changed. The weeping willows at the entrance of the village have grown thicker, the children back then have grown up, and the him in front of him has become a strange visitor in the eyes of the children.

This poem is full of his feelings about the passing of time, yet it is also humorous and open-minded, without any sense of sadness, fully demonstrating his optimistic and free-spirited attitude towards life.

Shortly after returning home, He Zhizhang passed away peacefully, ending his elegant and legendary life.

He Zhizhang's poetry and prose are fresh and unrestrained, forming his own style. In "Ode to Willow", "A jasper-green tree stands tall, with thousands of green silk ribbons hanging down. I don't know who cuts the fine leaves, the spring breeze in February is like a pair of scissors", the vivid and vivid brushstrokes vividly depict the gracefulness of the willow tree, which is full of vitality and vigor.

His poems cover a wide range of topics, including praises of natural beauty and expressions of insights into life. His language is simple and natural, with profound artistic conception. They are easy to read and leave people with endless aftertastes.

He also had a high level of attainment in calligraphy, especially in cursive script. His cursive works are beautiful and fluent, with a stable and majestic structure and rich brushwork. Although not many of his works have been handed down, each one is a masterpiece.

For example, the cursive script of "The Book of Filial Piety" collected by the Japanese royal family, from which one can appreciate the unique charm of calligraphy.

[If he had not died, there would be no Three Kingdoms. His strategies far surpassed Zhuge Liang. He was Liu Bei's first counselor. Historical trivia. Historical figures]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Kongming, the resourceful and foresighted man, left a deep impression on people, and most people regard him as the first counselor of Liu Bei.

In fact, many things that happened to Zhuge Liang in movies and TV dramas are fictional, such as "burning Bowangpo", "borrowing arrows with straw boats" and "empty city plan". In the official records, he was better at strategies in state governance, and he did not perform very well in war.

The Zhuge Liang we know actually has the shadow of another person, that is Fa Zheng. Fa Zheng was born into a famous family and was the grandson of his filial nephew Fa Zhen.

In the early years of Jian'an, there was famine in the country. Fa Zheng went to Shu with Meng Da and joined Liu Zhang. However, due to his personality, he never joined Liu Zhang's team. In addition, Liu Zhang was mediocre and could not see Fa Zheng's talent, so Fa Zheng was not reused for a long time.

Liu Zhang also had an advisor named Zhang Song, who was very talented. He believed that Liu Zhang would not be able to accomplish anything great and that his own abilities were not fully utilized.

By chance, Fa Zheng met Zhang Song, who admired Fa Zheng's talent very much. The two became good friends and often drank together to vent their dissatisfaction with Liu Zhang.

At that time, Jingzhou was a vast land with a large population and rich resources, making it a place of strategic importance. In 208 AD, Cao Cao conquered it. Liu Zhang, who was already timid, was even more afraid because Cao Cao could attack him directly from Jingzhou.

In order to please Cao Cao, Liu Zhang sent Zhang Song as an envoy to visit Cao Cao. Zhang Song was short and had an untidy appearance. Cao Cao didn't even look at him and sent him away. After Zhang Song returned, he suggested that Liu Zhang seek cooperation from Liu Bei, after all, they were relatives. At the same time, Zhang Song also recommended Fa Zheng to Liu Zhang.

As soon as Fa Zheng met Liu Bei, he was conquered by his personal charm and felt that Liu Zhang could not compare with him at all. After returning to discuss with Zhang Song, Fa Zheng prepared to look for an opportunity to change jobs.

In 211 AD, Cao Cao launched an attack on Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Liu Zhang could no longer sit still, and once again sent Fa Zheng to Liu Bei to seek help.

Fa Zheng took this opportunity to join Liu Bei, ready to help him occupy Yizhou and replace Liu Zhang. After consideration, Liu Bei began to send troops and stationed them in Yizhou. After seeing Liu Bei's troops, Liu Zhang finally breathed a sigh of relief and provided troops and supplies.

But after a long time, Liu Zhang found that Liu Bei had no intention of attacking Hanzhong, and then he suddenly realized that Liu Bei was actually going to attack him. Liu Bei did not take action because he had no pretext for going to war. He needed a reason to fight. Zhang Song was very anxious when he saw that Liu Bei had not taken action against Liu Zhang, so he wrote a letter to Liu Bei to urge him.

Liu Zhang knew that Fa Zheng had rebelled, and Zhang Song was his good friend, so he sent people to monitor Zhang Song. As a result, Zhang Song's letters were intercepted by Liu Zhang, and Zhang Song was killed. Liu Bei also had an excuse to attack.

Liu Zhang was extremely anxious at this time, but his adviser Zheng Du gave the advice of "moving the people westward, and strengthening the defenses and clearing the fields", that is, moving the people westward, and then strengthening the defenses and never going out of the city to fight.

Liu Bei would not be able to hold out for long and would have to flee due to food and grass problems. It must be mentioned here that Liu Bei's intelligence network was still very powerful. Liu Bei soon learned of Zheng Du's suggestion, and this was exactly what he was most worried about.

Fa Zheng immediately gave Liu Bei a reassurance, saying that Liu Zhang would never adopt Zheng Du's suggestion because Liu Zhang was kind-hearted. Not only did Liu Zhang not send troops to attack, but he also harassed the people. How could this be done by the lord of a city?

As Fa Zheng expected, Liu Zhang did not follow Zheng Du's advice and directly engaged in a fierce battle with Liu Bei. In the end, Liu Zhang was defeated by Liu Bei and surrendered.

After Liu Bei occupied Yizhou, he directly faced Cao's army in Hanzhong. If he did not take the initiative to attack, Liu Bei would be threatened by Cao Cao at any time. The reason why Liu Bei was so entangled was that he had never won a single battle with Cao Cao, and even the Battle of Chibi was completed with the help of the Eastern Wu.

At this time, Fa Zheng told Liu Bei his thoughts. He believed that Cao Cao did not continue to attack Yizhou after conquering Hanzhong, but left Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He in Hanzhong. There must be something wrong with Cao's army. Now the fierce attack must be a godsend opportunity. Liu Bei agreed with Fa Zheng's analysis and sent troops to Hanzhong.

At first, the war did not go smoothly. Under the resistance of famous generals such as Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and Guo Huai, Liu Bei not only failed to gain any advantage at Yangping Pass, but also suffered heavy casualties.

But under Fa Zheng's strategy, Liu Bei led his troops around Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, thus dispersing Cao's forces, and at the same time set fires everywhere, making it difficult for Cao's army to cope with.

As a result, Xiahou Yuan was killed by Huang Zhong, and Hanzhong was occupied by Liu Bei. Cao Cao also lamented that Liu Bei did not have such great ability at all, and there must be a master behind him, and this person was Fa Zheng.

The Battle of Hanzhong was the most successful campaign in Liu Bei's life. Compared with the previous period, during the period when Fa Zheng assisted him, Liu Bei's way of using troops was significantly improved.

Unfortunately, Fa Zheng died in the second year after Liu Bei occupied Hanzhong at the age of 45. Liu Bei's ability to use troops also began to decline sharply, and he was defeated miserably in the Battle of Yiling.

Fa Zheng followed Liu Bei for a total of 9 years, participated in all of Liu Bei's military operations, and provided the correct combat strategies every time. If Fa Zheng had not died young, the war situation of the Three Kingdoms would have been very likely to have changed.

[The secret service organization of the Ming Dynasty, Jinyiwei, how cruel and ruthless was it? Zhu Yuanzhang established it himself, but he could not control it. Historical trivia and historical figures]

Jinyiwei was one of the three major secret service organizations in the Ming Dynasty, and was directly controlled by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Its main purpose was to control the lawless officials, so the power of Jinyiwei expanded rapidly, almost to the point of covering the sky with one hand. Its cruel torture methods were even more terrifying. Today we will learn how cruel and ruthless the Jinyiwei of the Ming Dynasty were, and why Zhu Yuanzhang abolished it himself.

Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was born in a peasant family. He had been fed up with the oppression of corrupt officials since he was a child and hated them. In order to ensure the long-term stability of the Ming Dynasty, he had to understand the situation of all officials. Therefore, the Jinyiwei organization came into being.

The Jinyiwei consisted of generals, lieutenants and strongmen. Generals had to be strong and brave, while lieutenants and strongmen had to be healthy civilians with no criminal record. The Jinyiwei was originally called the "Gongwei Division" and later changed to the "Qinjun Duwei Mansion". It was mainly responsible for the emperor's ceremonial guards and patrols and arrests. In the 15th year of Hongwu, it was officially changed to the Jinyiwei.

The Meridian Gate is the main gate of the palace. When there are no court meetings, only 100 generals of the Jinyiwei can guard it day and night. When the emperor is holding court at the Fengtian Gate, 135 generals will guard each of the gates. At the same time, 500 Jinyiwei lieutenants are responsible for firing cannons and ceremonial guards at the Meridian Gate. If the emperor wants to go out of the palace for a tour, the Jinyiwei must patrol along the way in advance and pass on the message.

Compared with other imperial guards in the capital, the Jinyiwei was special in that it had an inspection and arrest agency. Cases designated by the emperor were handled by the Northern Pacification Division, and general judicial institutions had no right to interfere. In other words, the Jinyiwei could decide on their own about the arrest, torture, and execution of people, including royal relatives. When it comes to prison, the most frightening thing is the Jinyiwei's interrogation methods, and "playing the pipa" was listed as the top torture. It is said that in order to make the prisoners confess, they would press them to the ground, then strip off their shirts to expose their ribs, and use a sharp knife to play the pipa back and forth on their ribs, which eventually caused the interrogated person to cry out to the sky and beg for death but unable to.

However, any power without restrictions can become a tool for misconduct, and the Jinyiwei were no exception. In order to win credit and reward, they began to fabricate charges and expand the scope of involvement by any means. As a result, there were countless unjust, false and wrong cases handled by the Jinyiwei, causing panic inside and outside the court.

In the 1000st year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang found that the military general Lan Yu became more and more arrogant after a war with Mongolia. Lan Yu not only placed relatives in the army, but also occupied farmland and kept slaves. These practices made Zhu Yuanzhang extremely sensitive, so he began a large-scale purge of illegal military officers after the Hu Weiyong case. In fact, as early as the 5th year of Hongwu, military officers and generals had already engaged in fraudulent military pay and abused soldiers. Zhu Yuanzhang also promulgated the "Great Edict to Military Officials" for rectification, but the effect was not obvious. Afterwards, Lan Yu's practice gave Zhu Yuanzhang an excuse to rectify the army. Jinyiwei was ordered to investigate the Lan Party case. What Zhu Yuanzhang did not expect was that the 1.5 people involved in the case at the beginning of the investigation actually increased to in just months. Even no official in the entire court dared to raise any objections. The high efficiency of Jinyiwei's investigation and the wide range of its impact caused Zhu Yuanzhang's panic. It took a lot of time to find evidence in the Hu Weiyong case, and the number of people involved in the Lan Yu case was not small. It was impossible for the Jinyiwei to find out the truth in such a short time, and there must be suspicion of fabricating evidence and arbitrarily convicting people. Zhu Yuanzhang realized that it had to be stopped immediately, and then released most of the prisoners. Later, the Jinyiwei was abolished by Zhu Yuanzhang because of illegal abuse of prisoners.

However, after Emperor Chengzu Zhu Di ascended the throne, his control over the regime was not stable, and he was afraid that the ministers and the princes would secretly collude. So he urgently needed a force to help him, so the status of the Jinyiwei was restored, and the Dongchang organization was also established to play a role in mutual restraint. However, during the Yongle period, the Jinyiwei's abuse of power became more serious, and many innocent people were implicated.

In 1661, Ma Jixiang, the commander of the Jinyiwei of the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty, was killed, and the 290-year history of the Jinyiwei officially ended. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, although it still imitated the Ming Dynasty system to set up a similar organization, it was different from the Jinyiwei.

——"To be honest, the Jinyiwei punishment is indeed too cruel, but for those corrupt officials, cruelty is the right thing to do."

——"In the later period, he was just a lackey. Unfortunately, he didn't play any role. He still did what he was supposed to do."