Since the Accounting: A Chronicle of the Roman Khanate

Chapter 172 The Heldun School

"I see. I see that you speak Greek fluently, so you are an old acquaintance." The queen mother nodded.

"My first teacher used to be a resident of Seville, and he also fled to Tunisia." Muhammad talked about his teacher's inheritance: "Our group, learning the theory of Ibn Lucid, studying the theory of Aristotle Dodd's works, so I am familiar with Greek."

"In addition, I also know some Latin, because we often communicate with universities in Rome, Padua and other places. They have always liked the views of our school, so there are quite a lot of exchanges between the two sides. Oh, according to the Latin name, we should It’s called the Averroes School.” He introduced.

"It's just enlightenment, but I was not young at that time." He smiled embarrassedly and said: "Hey, I was ignorant when I was young, and I wasted too much time."

"Then how did you get to Syria?" the Queen Mother asked with interest.

"The whole of North Africa has close contacts with each other. There is no too powerful unified dynasty there, but there are many scattered tribes and princes. Scholars often travel between the courts of the emirs and act as guest ministers." Muhammad said.

"I was temporarily staying in Morocco. After my studies improved, my teacher recommended me to Tunisia to learn from the knowledgeable Lord Ibn Khaldun. However, it may be that I often encounter setbacks on the road to politics, so Teacher Khaldun’s thinking is more radical, and he has many enemies in the local area. Therefore, he was invited to Egypt, which is more open-minded, and finally went to Syria to give lectures.”

"When Timur plundered Syria, a group of scholars came forward to ask him to restrain himself, and Teacher Heldun was one of them. After talking with him, Timur respected him very much, so he only took money and left. Massacred towns. This made him famous locally, and more people began to invite him to give lectures. When your country took over several territories in Syria, we were also invited to go, and that’s where we met everyone.”

"What theory did he put forward?" asked the Queen Mother curiously.

"His theory should have originated from the Muertai Qilai sect, whose core idea is the early 'free will theory' and rationalism from Greece." Muhammad said.

"The Murtazi Lai faction believes that Hu Da is the only master who created the world through reason. Because God has 'unity', He is omniscient and omnipotent, so there are no virtues outside the body, and That is to say, it cannot be personified, nor can it be seen by believers in the kingdom of heaven."

"At the same time, because God is unique, scriptures are created by God, and cannot be equal to God, so they do not have the characteristics of beginningless, eternal, and immutable that are unique to God. To put it in a popular way, it is The scriptures are not gods, so there may be mistakes and they can be corrected."

"On the other hand, they insist that Hu Da is the most just, so he does not predetermine human behavior. Humans have unlimited free will, and human behaviors are carried out entirely by themselves, and God is responsible for the good and evil of human behavior. Judgments are made, and rewards and punishments are determined. Because of this view, they are also called 'Justices'."

"They also advocate rationality and oppose the view that belief is higher than reason. They believe that reason is the highest principle of belief and the premise of human free will. If you lose your reason, you will succumb to evil and lose your freedom. Therefore, we should pay attention to the philosophy of rationality. Practice, be responsible for your actions, and use knowledge and rationality to reach the state of 'righteous faith'."

"This theory was supported by the Caliph Mamun, the founder of the 'Palace of Wisdom'. It once became a prominent school and began to take the initiative to annotate the scriptures. But because of the failure of the political struggle, it was attacked and expelled. But many people came to Relatively marginal areas, such as Andalusia, continue to conduct research and teaching."

"My heavenly father, I'm sure this is a philosopher." The queen mother looked at Lama Wang, shook her head as if giving up, and looked at Guo Kang: "You should understand, right? I'm already dizzy. "

"This has a lot in common with some Aristotelian theories here." Guo Kang replied, "Fortunately, I can understand it."

"In fact, there are still many differences. It can only be said that this school was influenced by Aristotle, but there are still conflicts on some key issues." "Old Sea Urchin" said.

"Aristotle believes that God is the unchanging 'first mover'. But the impartialists attach great importance to the research and analysis of concepts such as finiteness and infinity, eternity and stasis. After their analysis, they believe that the world cannot be eternal Yes, it is impossible to remain unchanged. This point is also an old topic of debate."

"What does your teacher think?" Guo Kang asked.

"My teacher tends to study history." Muhammad saw that he could understand, and he was also excited: "He also tried to get into politics in his early years, and he was very shrewd and capable. But for various reasons, every time he came to a critical moment, he would encounter failure. , can only run back and forth between the various emir countries."

"Later, he was discouraged and decided to concentrate on academic research. He was hit by the death of his relatives in a shipwreck. It may be that he suffered too much suffering. He learned from the pain and began to collect data and compile history books, trying to study the laws of history and find out The logic behind the decline of nations and the blows to civilization."

"He wrote these research results into the book "Introduction to History" and taught them to future generations. He called on everyone to use verifiable historical materials to analyze and study the logic of the present world, with human beings as the center of research. As for religion, it is considered Things on the spiritual and soul levels should be handed over to Hu Da. Human beings themselves can handle things on the earth well—this view is quite radical in the local area.”

"Then has he achieved anything?" Guo Kang asked.

"He believes that history itself is continuous and has cause and effect. To examine historical events in the context of the overall development, analyze the laws between causes and phenomena, and then connect these logical relationships will help to conclude the cure. The law of rise and fall of chaos," Muhammad said.

"He tried to find some simple laws through historical materials. For example, the rise and fall of a dynasty has a clear cycle. In the regime of the Berbers in North Africa, four generations is an obvious cycle. It is a pity that this cycle does not apply. It's not widespread, not so in more developed Egypt and Andalusia."

"In order to explain this problem, we think that it should be because different regions have different material resources, climate and environment. These geographical environments have affected the local social form, and the social form has affected the destiny of the country. We may need more Meticulous research can give specific prescriptions to solve diseases for specific problems like a doctor sees a doctor."

"Of course, on the whole, he definitely believes that in the history of the Tianfangjiao dynasties, there are repeated and cyclical phenomena. Moreover, this kind of rise and fall seems to be a natural law, which is not subject to the princes. At the left and right of our subjective will.”

"He therefore concluded that the caliphs and sultans claiming to be Hu Da's projections in the world are actually just a bragging. The real projections of God are thousands of ordinary people. And these rulers are just moths in society , are basically engaged in destruction. The labor and activities of ordinary people are the driving force for historical evolution and cycle replacement.”

"Of course, you also know that this conclusion will definitely not please the emirs." He spread his hands: "The emirs of Africa are too conservative. I think he moved to Egypt, although it is said to be for Alexander's books, borrowing This is the study of economic and social laws, but this factor is certainly indispensable."

"It's not bad." Da Lama Wang comforted, "I didn't arrest him, I just put pressure on him. This is much better than most countries that worship God..."

(End of this chapter)